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| 27 BC |
| | | Octavian is given the life-long title of Augustus by the senate in Rome, becoming in effect the first Roman emperor | |
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| 27 BC |
| | | Livy begins writing and publishing his History of Rome, a task which will occupy him for forty years | |
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| 23 BC |
| | | The first three books of Horace's Odes are published, written on his Sabine farm | |
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| 20 BC |
| | | Herod the Great, king of Judaea, begins to build a spectacular new Temple for the Jews on the sacred mount in Jerusalem | |
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| c. 20 BC |
| | | The excellence of the arts, particularly literature, during the reign of Augustus Caesar causes it to be remembered as a golden age of culture | |
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| c. 20 BC |
| | | A collection of witty love poems, entitled Amores, brings Ovid an early success | |
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| c. 20 BC |
| | | Augustus Caesar puts a team of surveyors to work mapping the empire's 50,000 miles of roads, a task which will take them twenty years | |
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| c. 20 BC |
| | | Roman author Vitruvius writes De Architectura, now generally known as The Ten Books of Architecture | |
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| c. 20 BC |
| | | The Netherlands, or 'low countries' around the Rhine delta, enter history as the Roman province of Germania Inferior | |
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| 19 BC |
| | | Virgil dies just after completing the Aeneid, and imperial command from Augustus Caesar prevents his executor from destroying the epic | |
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